Coordinates: 
44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250; 26.10389, lies on the banks of the
Dâmbovița River, less than 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of the Danube.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (
neo-classical),
interbellum (
Bauhaus and
Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (
Micul Paris).
[6] Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and above all
Ceaușescu's program of
systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.
[7]
According to preliminary data from
2011 census, 1,677,985 inhabitants live within the city limits,
[4] a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.
[2] The
urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of 1.93 million people.
[3][8] Adding the satellite towns around the urban area, the proposed
metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.2 million people.
[9] According to
Eurostat, Bucharest has a
Larger Urban Zone of 2,151,880 residents.
[5] According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million.
[10] Bucharest is the 11upth
largest city in the
European Union by population within city limits.
Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania
[11] and is one of the main industrial centres and transportation hubs of Eastern Europe. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional "shopping arcades" and recreational areas.
The city proper is administratively known as "The Municipality of Bucharest" (
Municipiul București), and has the same administrative level as that of a national
county, being further subdivided into six
sectors.
Etymology
The name of București has an uncertain origin: tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur who was either a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd, or a hunter, according to different legends. In Romanian the word stem bucur means 'joy', ("beautiful")[12] and it is believed to be of Dacian origin.[13]
There are other etymologies given by early scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler,
Evliya Çelebi, who said that Bucharest was named after a certain "Abu-Kariș", from the tribe of "Bani-Kureiș". In 1781, Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related to
bucurie (joy),
bucuros (joyful) or
a se bucura (to become joyful), while an early 19th century book published in Vienna assumed its name has been derived from "Bukovie", a beech forest.
[14]
The official city name in full is "The Municipal Area of Bucharest" (
Romanian:
Municipiul București).
A native or resident of Bucharest is called a "Bucharester" (
Romanian:
bucureștean).
The city's name is sometimes confused with that of
Budapest in Hungary.
[15]
History
Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in the
Antiquity until its consolidation as the national Capital of Romania late in the 19th century.
Early 18th century woodcut (1717)
I.C. Brătianu Boulevard in the 1930s
First mentioned as the "
Citadel of București" in 1459, it became the residence of the famous
Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler.
The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A revolt led by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 ended the rule of the Constantinople-Greeks in Bucharest.
The
Old Princely Court (
Curtea Veche) was erected by
Mircea Ciobanul, and under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the royal court. During the years to come it competed with
Târgoviște on the status of Capital city after an increase in the importance of southern
Muntenia brought about by the demands of the
suzerain power - the
Ottoman Empire.
Bucharest became finally the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of
Constantin Brâncoveanu).
Partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years, and hit by
Caragea's plague in 1813–1814, the city was wrested from Ottoman control and occupied at several intervals by the
Habsburg Monarchy (1716, 1737, 1789) and
Imperial Russia (three times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under
Russian administration between 1828 and the
Crimean War, with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred
1848 Wallachian revolution. Later on an
Austrian garrison took possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the city until March 1857). Additionally, on 23 March 1847, a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the city.
In 1862, after
Wallachia and
Moldavia were united to form the
Principality of Romania, Bucharest became the new nation's capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly-proclaimed
Kingdom of Romania under King
Carol I. During the second half of the 19th century the city's population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period,
gas lighting,
horse-drawn trams and limited
electrification were introduced.
[16] The Dâmbovița river was also massively channelled in 1883, thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods.
[17] The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (
Micul Paris) of the east, with
Calea Victoriei as its
Champs-Élysées.
Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied by
German forces as a result of the
Battle of Bucharest, with the official capital temporarily removed to
Iași in the Moldova county. After World War I, Bucharest became the capital of
Greater Romania. In the interwar years continued its urban development, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new residents each year. Also, some of the city's main landmarks were built in this period, including
Arcul de Triumf and
Palatul Telefoanelor.
[18] However, the
Great Depression took its toll on Bucharest's citizens, culminating in the
Grivița Strike of 1933.
[19]
In January 1941, the city was the scene of the
Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom. As capital of an
Axis country and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to the
Eastern Front, Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to
Allied bombings. On 23 August 1944 it was the site of
the royal coup which brought Romania into the
Allied camp, suffering a short period of nazi
Luftwaffe bombings as well as a failed attempt by German troops to regain the city by force.
After the establishment of
communism in Romania, the city continued growing. New districts were constructed, most of them dominated by
tower blocks. During
Nicolae Ceaușescu's leadership (1965–1989), much of the historic part of the city was demolished and replaced by "
Socialist realism" style development: (1)the
Centrul Civic (the Civic Centre); (2)the
Palace of the Parliament, where an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu's megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977, an
earthquake centered in Vrancea, about 135 km (83.89 mi) away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre.
The
Romanian Revolution of 1989 began with massive anti-Ceaușescu protests in
Timișoara in December 1989 and continued in Bucharest, leading to the overthrow of the
Communist regime. Dissatisfied with the post-revolutionary leadership of the
National Salvation Front, some student leagues and opposition groups organized large-scale protests in 1990 (the "
Golaniad"), which were violently repressed by the miners of
Valea Jiului called in by the authorities (the "
Mineriad"). Several other "Mineriads" followed, which finally caused political changes.
After 2000 the city was continuously modernized and is still undergoing urban renewals. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts, and Bucharest's old historic centre is being restored nowadays.
Treaties signed in Bucharest
Geography
General
Bucharest is situated on the banks of the
Dâmbovița River, which flows into the
Argeș River, a tributary of the
Danube.
Several lakes – the most important of which are Lake Herăstrău, Lake Floreasca, Lake Tei, and Lake Colentina – stretch across the northern parts of the city, along the
Colentina River, a tributary of the Dâmbovița. In addition, in the centre of the capital there is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu – surrounded by the
Cișmigiu Gardens. The
Cișmigiu Gardens have a rich history, being frequented by poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the gardens are the main recreational facility in the city centre.
Besides Cișmigiu, Bucharest contains other parks and gardens, including the
Herăstrău Park and the
Botanical Garden. The park is located in the northern part of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and includes also the site of the
Village Museum. The Botanical Garden is the largest of its kind in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants (many of them exotic) and used to be once the pleasure park of the royal family.
[20]
Bucharest is situated in the south eastern corner of the
Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the
Vlăsiei forest, which, after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are:
Mihai Vodă,
Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vodă,
Cotroceni,
Spirei,
Văcărești and Sf. Gheorghe Nou.
The city has an area of 226 square kilometres (87 sq mi). The altitude varies from 55.8 metres (183.1 ft) at the Dâmbovița bridge in
Cățelu, south-eastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at the
Militari church. The city has an approximately round shape, with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main north-south/east-west axes at
University Square. The milestone for Romania's
Kilometre Zero is placed just south of University Square in front of the New St. George Church (Sfântul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square (Piața Sfântul Gheorghe). Bucharest's radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies from about 10 to 12 km (6.25–7.5 mi).
Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding
Ilfov county. Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the late 2010s, when the "Bucharest Metropolitan Area" plan will become operational, incorporating additional communes and cities from the
Ilfov and other neighbouring counties.
[21]
Climate
Bucharest has a transitional climate, with both continental and subtropical influences (Köppen climate classification Cfa/Dfa/Cfb/Dfb). Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, even though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −20 °C (−4 °F). In summer, the average temperature is 23 °C (73 °F) (the average for July and August) Temperatures frequently reach 35 °C (95 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F) in mid-summer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer are low, there are occasional heavy storms. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 °C (63 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.
| Climate data for Bucharest |
|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.8
(62.2) | 20.6
(69.1) | 27.4
(81.3) | 31.4
(88.5) | 35.1
(95.2) | 36.4
(97.5) | 39.6
(103.3) | 40.0
(104) | 36.8
(98.2) | 33.6
(92.5) | 24.7
(76.5) | 18.4
(65.1) | 40.0
(104) |
|---|
| Average high °C (°F) | 1.5
(34.7) | 4.1
(39.4) | 10.5
(50.9) | 18.0
(64.4) | 23.3
(73.9) | 26.8
(80.2) | 28.8
(83.8) | 28.5
(83.3) | 24.6
(76.3) | 18.0
(64.4) | 10.0
(50) | 3.8
(38.8) | 16.5
(61.7) |
|---|
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.4
(27.7) | −0.1
(31.8) | 4.8
(40.6) | 11.3
(52.3) | 16.7
(62.1) | 20.2
(68.4) | 22.0
(71.6) | 21.2
(70.2) | 16.9
(62.4) | 10.8
(51.4) | 5.2
(41.4) | 0.2
(32.4) | 10.6
(51.1) |
|---|
| Average low °C (°F) | −5.5
(22.1) | −3.3
(26.1) | 0.3
(32.5) | 5.6
(42.1) | 10.5
(50.9) | 14.0
(57.2) | 15.6
(60.1) | 15.0
(59) | 11.1
(52) | 5.7
(42.3) | 1.6
(34.9) | −2.6
(27.3) | 5.7
(42.3) |
|---|
| Record low °C (°F) | −23.7
(−10.7) | −23.9
(−11) | −16.6
(2.1) | −2.7
(27.1) | 0.0
(32) | 5.2
(41.4) | 8.7
(47.7) | 5.2
(41.4) | −3.1
(26.4) | −7.3
(18.9) | −18.8
(−1.8) | −19.5
(−3.1) | −23.9
(−11) |
|---|
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 40
(1.57) | 36
(1.42) | 38
(1.5) | 46
(1.81) | 70
(2.76) | 77
(3.03) | 64
(2.52) | 58
(2.28) | 42
(1.65) | 32
(1.26) | 49
(1.93) | 43
(1.69) | 595
(23.43) |
|---|
| Snowfall cm (inches) | 13.7
(5.39) | 11.0
(4.33) | 10.5
(4.13) | 1.5
(0.59) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 8.8
(3.46) | 10.5
(4.13) | 56
(22.03) |
|---|
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 72 |
|---|
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.3 | 84.8 | 139.5 | 186.0 | 244.9 | 267.0 | 288.3 | 282.1 | 225.0 | 176.7 | 87.0 | 62.0 | 2,114.6 |
|---|
| Source #1: World Meteorological Organization,[22] NOAA (extremes and snow)[23] |
| Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only)[24] |
Law and government
Administration
Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian administration, since it is the only municipal area that is not part of a
county. Its population, however, is larger than that of any other Romanian county, hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality (
Primăria Generală), which is the capital's local government body, is the same as, if not greater than, that of any Romanian national county council.
The city government is headed by a
General Mayor (Primar General), as of 2008
Sorin Oprescu. Decisions are approved and discussed by the capital's
General Council (Consiliu General) made up of 55 elected councilors. Furthermore, the city is divided into six administrative
sectors (sectoare), each of which has their own 27-seat sectoral council, town hall and mayor. The powers of the local government over a certain area are therefore shared both by the Bucharest Municipality and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping of authority. The general rule is that the main Capital Municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the water and sewage system, the overall transport system and the main boulevards, while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and the local government, secondary streets and parks maintenance, schools administration and cleaning services.
The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters (
cartiere) which are not part of the official administrative division:
- Sector 1 (population 227,717): Dorobanți, Băneasa, Aviației, Pipera, Aviatorilor, Primăverii, Romană, Victoriei, Herăstrău Park, Bucureștii Noi, Dămăroaia, Strǎulești, Grivița, 1 Mai, Băneasa Forest, Pajura, Domenii
- Sector 2 (population 357,338): Pantelimon, Colentina, Iancului, Tei, Floreasca, Moșilor, Obor, Vatra Luminoasă, Fundeni, Plumbuita, ștefan cel Mare, Baicului
- Sector 3 (population 399,231): Vitan, Dudești, Titan, Centrul Civic, Dristor, Lipscani, Muncii, Unirii
- Sector 4 (population 300,331): Berceni, Olteniței, Giurgiului, Progresul, Văcărești, Timpuri Noi, Tineretului
- Sector 5 (population 288,690): Rahova, Ferentari, Giurgiului, Cotroceni, 13 Septembrie, Dealul Spirii
- Sector 6 (population 371,060): Giulești, Crângași, Drumul Taberei, Militari, Grozǎvești (also known as Regie), Ghencea
Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest sectoral councils, the capital's
General Council and the mayors are elected every four years by the population. Additionally, Bucharest has a
prefect, who is appointed by Romania's national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level. The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest (as of 2012) is Georgeta Gavrilă.
The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding
Ilfov County and several other neighbouring counties are part of the
Bucharest development region project, which is equivalent to
NUTS-II regions in the
European Union and is used both by the Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development planning. The Bucharest development region is not, however, an administrative entity yet.
Justice system
Bucharest's judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own local first instance court (
judecătorie), while appeals from these courts' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal, the city's municipal court. The Bucharest Court of Appeal judges appeals against decisions taken by tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties (Teleorman, Ialomița, Giurgiu, Călărași and Ilfov). Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, the
High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the
Constitutional Court of Romania.
Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest Police (
Poliția București), which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of divisions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on ștefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each Sector City Hall also has under its administration a Community Police force (
Poliția Comunitară), dealing with local community issues. Bucharest also houses the General Inspectorates of the
Gendarmerie and the
National Police.
Crime
Bucharest's crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities, with the number of total offenses declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004.
[25] The violent crime rate in Bucharest remains very low, with 11 murders and 983 other violent offenses taking place in 2007.
[26] Although in the 2000s, there were a number of police crackdowns on
organized crime gangs, such as the Cămătaru clan, organized crime generally has little impact on public life. Petty crime, however, is more common, particularly in the form of
pickpocketing, which occurs mainly on the city's public transport network.
Confidence tricks were common in the 1990s, especially in regards to tourists, but the frequency of these incidents has since declined. Levels of crime are higher in the southern districts of the city, particularly in
Ferentari, a socially-disadvantaged area.
Although the presence of
street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.
[27] A documentary called
Children Underground depicted the life of Romanian street kids in 2001. There are still an estimated 1,000 street children in the city,
[27] some of whom engage in petty crime and begging.
Quality of life
As stated by the Mercer international surveys for quality of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001[28] and slipped lower, to the 108th place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010. Compared to it, Vienna occupied No. 1 worldwide in 2011 and 2009.[29] Budapest ranked 73rd (2010) and Sofia 114th (2010).[30] Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world's most livable cities based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: political stability, currency-exchange regulations, political and media censorship, school quality, housing, the environment, public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study, done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism.[31]
Demographics
| Historical population |
|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|
| 1595 | 10,000 | — |
|---|
| 1650 | 20,000 | +100.0% |
|---|
| 1789 | 30,030 | +50.2% |
|---|
| 1831 | 60,587 | +101.8% |
|---|
| 1859 | 121,734 | +100.9% |
|---|
| 1877 | 177,646 | +45.9% |
|---|
| 1889 | 282,071 | +58.8% |
|---|
| 1912 | 341,321 | +21.0% |
|---|
| 1930 | 639,040 | +87.2% |
|---|
| 1948 | 1,025,180 | +60.4% |
|---|
| 1956 | 1,177,661 | +14.9% |
|---|
| 1966 | 1,366,684 | +16.1% |
|---|
| 1977 | 1,807,239 | +32.2% |
|---|
| 1992 | 2,067,545 | +14.4% |
|---|
| 2002 | 1,926,334 | −6.8% |
|---|
| 2011 | 1,677,985 | −12.9% |
|---|
| [32][33][34] |
As per preliminary data from
2011 census, 1,677,985 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.
[4]
The city's population, according to the 2002 census, was 1,926,334 inhabitants,
[2] or 8.9% of the total population of Romania. A significant number of people commute to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding
Ilfov county, however official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist.
[35]
Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during the Ceaușescu years (1965–1989), when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to Ceaușescu's decision to ban abortion and contraception,
natural increase was also significant.
Approximately 96.6% of the population of Bucharest are
Romanians.
[36] Other significant ethnic groups are
Roma Gypsies,
Hungarians,
Jews,
Turks,
Chinese and
Germans. A relatively small number of Bucharesters are of
Greek,
North American,
French,
Armenian,
Lippovan and
Italian descent. One of the predominantly Greek neighborhoods was
Vitan – where a Jewish population also lived; the latter was more present in
Văcărești and areas around
Unirii Square.
In terms of religious affiliation, 96.1% of the population are
Romanian Orthodox, 1.2% are
Roman Catholic, 0.5% are
Muslim and 0.4% are
Romanian Greek Catholic. Despite this, only 18% of the population, of any religion, attend a place of worship once a week or more.
[37] The life expectancy of residents of Bucharest in 2003–2005 was 74.14 years, around 2 years higher than the Romanian average. Female life expectancy was 77.41 years, in comparison to 70.57 years for males.
[38]
Economy
Bucharest is the centre of the
Romanian economy and industry, accounting for around 22.7% (2010) of the country's
GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the country's population.
[39] Almost one third of national taxes are paid by Bucharest's citizens and companies.
[citation needed] In 2009, at purchasing power parity, Bucharest had a per-capita GDP of €26,100, or 111% that of the
European Union average and more than twice the
Romanian average.
[40] After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the city's strong economic growth has revitalized infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates and high-rise office buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.8%.
[41][42]
Bucharest's economy is centred on industry and
services, with services particularly growing in importance in the last ten years. The headquarters of 186,000 firms, including nearly all large Romanian companies are located in Bucharest.
[43] An important source of growth since 2000 has been the city's rapidly expanding property and construction sector. Bucharest is also Romania's largest centre for information technology and communications and is home to several software companies operating offshore delivery centres. Romania's largest stock exchange, the
Bucharest Stock Exchange, which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest-based electronic stock exchange
Rasdaq, plays a major role in the city's economy.
There are international supermarket chains such as
Carrefour,
Cora and
METRO operating in Bucharest. The city is undergoing a retail boom, with supermarkets and hypermarkets opened every year (see
supermarkets in Romania). Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s, such as
AFI Palace Cotroceni,
Sun Plaza,
Băneasa Shopping City,
Plaza Romania,
Unirea Shopping Center and Liberty Center. There are traditional retail arcades and markets such as the one at
Obor.
Transport
A geographically accurate Bucharest Metro map
Public transport
Bucharest's public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. It is made up of the Bucharest Metro, as well as a surface transport system run by RATB (Regia Autonomă de Transport București), which consists of buses, trams, trolleybuses, and light rail. In addition, there is a private minibus system. As of 2007, there is a limit of 10,000 taxicab licenses.[44]
Railways
Bucharest is the hub of Romania's national railway network, run by Căile Ferate Române. The main railway station is Gara de Nord ("North Station"), which provides connections to all major cities in Romania as well as international destinations:
The city has five other railway stations run by CFR, the most important of which are Basarab (adjacent to North Station), Obor, Băneasa and Progresu. These are in the process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surrounding
Ilfov County. Seven main lines radiate out of Bucharest.
Air
Bucharest has two
international airports:
Henri Coandă International Airport (
IATA: OTP,
ICAO: LROP), located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) north of the Bucharest city center, in the town of Otopeni, Ilfov. The airport has one terminal divided into two inter-connected buildings (Departures Hall and Arrivals Hall). The International Departures Hall consists of 36 check-in desks, one finger with 24 gates (14 equipped with jetways), while the Domestic Hall has an extra four gates. Today's Arrivals Hall is the old Otopeni terminal, while the new Departures Hall, including the finger and the airbridges, was built and inaugurated in 1997. An expansion of the finger was opened in March 2011, other expansions of Departure Hall and Arrivals Hall are underway and a new terminal on the east side is in project phase. The airport received 5,069,003 passengers in the first 8 months of 2012.
- Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (IATA: BBU, ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharest's business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Bucharest city center and is accessible by RATB buses 131, 335, 301, tramway 5 and Airport Express 783 and taxi. An extension of Line M2 of the Bucharest Metro to Aurel Vlaicu International, which will link it to the Main Train Station and the larger Henri Coandă International Airport, was approved in June 2006 and is in the planning stage. It was Bucharest's only airport until 1965, when the Otopeni Airport (today Henri Coandă International Airport) was converted to civilian use. Until March 2012 (when it was converted into a business airport), it was the second airport in Romania in terms of air traffic and Bucharest's low-cost hub. It was named after Aurel Vlaicu, a Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor and early pilot. In 2012 this airport was closed due to the lobby made by non-low-cost companies (because Aurel Vlaicu, where low cost companies operated is closer to the ceter than Henri Coanda) and all the commercial activity was moved to Henri Coanda. Now it is used only for small private flights.
Roads
Bucharest is a major intersection of
Romania's national road network. A few of the busiest national roads and motorways, link the city to all of Romania's major cities as well as to neighbouring countries such as
Hungary,
Bulgaria and
Ukraine. The
A1 to Pitești, the
A2 Sun Motorway to the Dobrogea region and Constanta and the
A3 to Ploiesti all start from Bucharest. The future
A5 motorways will radiate from
Voluntari, a town in the city's northern outskirts.
The city's municipal road network is centred around a series of high-capacity boulevards, which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts. The main axes, which run north-south, east-west and northwest-southeast, as well as one internal and one external ring road, support the bulk of the traffic. The city's roads are usually very crowded during rush hours, due to an increase in car ownership in recent years. Every day, there are more than one million vehicles travelling within the city.
[45] This results in wear and
potholes appearing on busy roads, particularly secondary roads, this being identified as one of Bucharest's main infrastructural problems. There has been a comprehensive effort on behalf of the City Hall to boost road infrastructure and according to the general development plan, 2,000 roads have been repaired by 2008.
[46] On 17 June 2011, the
Basarab Overpass was inaugurated and opened to traffic, thus completing the inner city traffic ring. The overpass took 5 years to build and is the longest
cable-stayed bridge in Romania and the widest such bridge in Europe;
[47] upon completion, traffic on the
Grant Bridge and in the
Gara de Nord area became noticeably more fluid.
[48]
Water
Although it is situated on the banks of a river, Bucharest has never functioned as a port city, with other Romanian cities such as Constanța and Galați acting as the country's main ports. The unfinished Danube-Bucharest Canal, which is 73 km (45 mi) long and approximately 70% completed, could link Bucharest to the Danube River and, via the Danube-Black Sea Canal, to the Black Sea. Works on the canal were suspended in 1989, but there have been proposals to resume construction as part of the European Strategy for the Danube Region.[49]
Culture
Bucharest has a growing cultural scene, in fields including the
visual arts,
performing arts and
nightlife. Unlike other parts of Romania, such as the
Black Sea coast or
Transylvania, Bucharest's cultural scene has no defined style, and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and international culture.
Landmarks
Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Palace of the Parliament, built in the 1980s during the reign of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu. The largest building in Europe and the second-largest in the world, the Palace houses the Romanian Parliament (the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate), as well as the National Museum of Contemporary Art. The building boasts one of the largest convention centres in the world.
Another landmark in Bucharest is
Arcul de Triumf (The Triumphal Arch), built in its current form in 1935 and modeled after the
Arc de Triomphe in Paris. A newer landmark of the city is the
Memorial of Rebirth, a stylized marble pillar unveiled in 2005 to commemorate the victims of the
Romanian Revolution of 1989, which overthrew Communism. The abstract monument sparked controversy when it was unveiled, being dubbed with names such as "the olive in the toothpick", (
"măslina-n scobitoare"), as many argued that it does not fit in its surroundings and believed that its choice was based on political reasons.
[50]
The
Romanian Athenaeum building is considered to be a symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 is on the list of the Label of European Heritage sights.
[51]
Other cultural venues include the
National Museum of Art of Romania, Museum of Natural History "Grigore Antipa",
Museum of the Romanian Peasant (
Muzeul țăranului Român),
National History Museum, and the
Military Museum.
Visual arts
In terms of
visual arts, the city has museums featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works. The
National Museum of Art of Romania is perhaps the best-known of Bucharest museums. It is located in the royal palace and features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, including works by sculptor
Constantin Brâncuși, as well as an international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family.
Other, smaller, museums contain specialised collections. The
Zambaccian Museum, which is situated in the former home of art collector Krikor H. Zambaccian contains works by well-known Romanian artists as well as international artists such as
Paul Cézanne,
Eugène Delacroix,
Henri Matisse,
Camille Pissarro and
Pablo Picasso.
The
Gheorghe Tattarescu Museum contains portraits of Romanian revolutionaries in exile such as
Gheorghe Magheru,
ștefan Golescu,
Nicolae Bălcescu and allegorical compositions with revolutionary (
Romania's rebirth, 1849) and patriotic (
The Principalities' Unification, 1857) themes.
The
Theodor Pallady Museum is situated in one of the oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painter
Theodor Pallady as well as European and Oriental furniture pieces.
The
Museum of Art Collections contains the collections of Romanian art aficionados, including Krikor Zambaccian and Theodor Pallady.
Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city, there is also a contemporary arts scene. The
National Museum of Contemporary Art (MNAC), situated in a wing of the
Palace of the Parliament, was opened in 2004 and contains Romanian and international contemporary art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab, which caters to multimedia and experimental art. There are also private art galleries throughout the city centre.
The palace of the
National Bank of Romania houses the national
numismatic collection. Exhibits include
banknotes,
coins, documents, photographs, maps, silver and gold
bullion bars, bullion coins,
dies and
moulds. The building was constructed between 1884 and 1890. The thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations.
Performing arts
Performing arts are one of the strongest cultural elements of Bucharest. The most famous symphony orchestra is
National Radio Orchestra of Romania. One of the most prominent buildings is the neoclassical
Romanian Athenaeum, which was founded in 1852, and hosts classical music concerts, the
George Enescu Festival, and is home to the
George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra.
Bucharest is home to the
Romanian National Opera, as well as the
I.L. Caragiale National Theatre. Another well-known theatre in Bucharest is the
State Jewish Theatre, which features plays starring world-renowned Romanian-Jewish actress
Maia Morgenstern. Smaller theatres throughout the city cater to specific genres, such as the Comedy Theatre, the Nottara Theatre, the
Bulandra Theatre, the
Odeon Theatre, and the revue theatre of
Constantin Tănase.
Music and nightlife
Bucharest is home to Romania's largest recording labels, and is often the residence of Romanian musicians. Romanian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s, such as
Iris and Holograf, continue to be popular, particularly with the middle-aged, while since the beginning of the 1990s the
hip hop/
rap scene has developed. Hip-hop bands and artists from Bucharest such as
B.U.G. Mafia,
Paraziții,
La Familia enjoy national and international recognition.
The pop-rock band
Taxi have been gaining international respect, as has
Spitalul de Urgență's raucous updating of traditional Romanian music. While many neighbourhood
discos play
manele, an Oriental- and Roma-influenced genre of music that is particularly popular in Bucharest's working class districts, the city has a rich
jazz and
blues scene, and, to an even larger extent,
house music/
trance and
heavy metal/
punk scenes. Bucharest's jazz profile has especially risen since 2002, with the presence of two venues, Green Hours and Art Jazz, as well as an American presence alongside established Romanians.
There is no central nightlife strip, with entertainment venues dispersed throughout the city, with clusters in
Lipscani and
Regie. The city hosts some of the best electronic music clubs in Europe such as
Kristal Glam Club and Studio Martin.
[52] Some other notable venues are Gaia, Bamboo, Fratelli, Kulturhaus and Fabrica.
Cultural events and festivals
There are a number of cultural festivals in Bucharest throughout the year but most festivals take place in the summer months of June, July and August. The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June, which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over the world.
The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts the
George Enescu Festival at locations throughout the city in September every two years (odd years). The Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise events throughout the year showcasing Romanian folk arts and crafts.
In the 2000s, due to the growing prominence of the Chinese community in Bucharest, Chinese cultural events took place. The first officially-organised Chinese festival was the
Chinese New Year's Eve Festival of February 2005 which took place in Nichita Stănescu Park and was organised by the Bucharest City Hall.
[53]
In 2005, Bucharest was the first city in Southeastern Europe to host the international
CowParade, which resulted in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across the city.
Since 2005 Bucharest has its own contemporary
art biennale, the
Bucharest Biennale.
Traditional culture
Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major influence in arts such as theatre, film and music. Bucharest has two internationally-renowned ethnographic museums, the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the open-air Village Museum.
The Village Museum, in
Herăstrău Park, contains 272 authentic buildings and peasant farms from all over Romania.
The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the European Museum of the Year in 1996, and displays textiles (especially costumes), icons, ceramics, and other artifacts of Romanian peasant life.
The
Museum of Romanian History is another important museum in Bucharest, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from the prehistoric times,
Dacian era, medieval times and the modern era.
Religious life
Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of the
Romanian Orthodox Church, one of the
Eastern Orthodox churches in communion with the
Patriarch of Constantinople, and also of its subdivisions, the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja and the Archbishopric of Bucharest. Orthodox believers consider
Demetrius of Thessaloniki to be the patron saint of the city.
The city is a center for other religious organizations in Romania, including the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest.
Architecture
The city centre is a mixture of medieval, neoclassical and art nouveau buildings, as well as 'neo-Romanian' buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. The mostly-utilitarian Communist-era architecture dominates most southern boroughs. Recently built contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings complete the landscape.
Historical architecture
Of the city's
medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by Communist
systematization, fire and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edifices remain, the most notable are in the
Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable buildings such as
Manuc's Inn (
Hanul lui Manuc) and the ruins of the
Old Court (
Curtea Veche), during the late
Middle Ages this area was the heart of commerce in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was pedestrianised and is undergoing restoration.
The city centre has retained architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the
interwar period, which is often seen as the "golden age" of Bucharest architecture. During this time, the city grew in size and wealth therefore seeking to emulate other large European capitals such as
Paris. Much of the architecture of the time belongs to a Modern (rationalist) Architecture current, led by Horia Creangă and
Marcel Iancu.
Two notable buildings from this time are the
Crețulescu Palace, housing cultural institutions including
UNESCO's European Centre for Higher Education, and the
Cotroceni Palace, the residence of the
Romanian President. Many large-scale constructions such as
Gara de Nord, the busiest railway station in the city,
National Bank of Romania's headquarters and the
Telephone Palace date from these times. In the 2000s, historic buildings in the city centre underwent restoration. In some residential areas of the city, particularly in high-income central and northern districts, there are
turn of the 19th to 20th century villas, most of which were restored beginning in the late 1990s.
Communist architecture
A major part of Bucharest's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the
Communist era replacing the historical architecture with high density apartment blocks –
significant portions of the historic center of Bucharest were demolished in order to construct one of the largest buildings in the world, the
Palace of the Parliament (then officially called the House of the Republic). In Nicolae Ceaușescu's project of
systematization new buildings were built in previously-historical areas, which were razed and then built upon.
One of the best examples of this type of architecture is
Centrul Civic, a development that replaced a major part of Bucharest's historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly with
marble or
travertine façades, inspired by
North Korean architecture. Communist-era architecture can also be found in Bucharest's residential districts, mainly in
blocuri, which are high-density apartment blocks that house the majority of the city's population.
Contemporary architecture
Since
the fall of Communism in 1989, several Communist-era buildings have been refurbished, modernised and used for other purposes. Perhaps the best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres. These giant circular halls, which were unofficially called
hunger circuses due to the food shortages experienced in the 1980s, were constructed during the Ceaușescu era to act as produce markets and
refectories, although most were left unfinished at the time of the Revolution.
Modern shopping malls like
Unirea Shopping Center,
Bucharest Mall,
Plaza Romania and
City Mall emerged on pre-existent structures of former hunger circuses. Another example is the conversion of a large utilitarian construction in
Centrul Civic into a
Marriott Hotel. This process was accelerated after 2000, when the city underwent a property boom, and many Communist-era buildings in the city centre became prime real estate due to their location. Many Communist-era apartment blocks have also been refurbished to improve urban appearance.
The newest contribution to Bucharest's architecture took place after the fall of Communism, particularly after 2000, when the city went through a period of urban renewal – and architectural revitalization – on the back of Romania's economic growth. Buildings from this time are mostly made of glass and steel, and often have more than ten storeys. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the
Bucharest Mall, a conversion and extension of an abandoned building), office buildings, bank headquarters, etc.
As of 2005, there are office buildings under construction, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the city. Additionally, there has been a trend to add modern wings and façades to historic buildings, the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects' Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel construction built inside a historic stone façade.
Aside from buildings used for business and institutions, residential developments are underway, many of which consist of high-rise office buildings and suburban residential communities. These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less densely-populated and is home to middle- and upper-class Bucharesters due to the process of
gentrification.
Media
Bucharest is headquarters of all the national television networks as well as national newspapers and radio stations. The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Național, Cotidianul, România Liberă, Adevărul and Gândul. During the rush hours, tabloid newspapers Click!, Libertatea and Cancan are popular for commuters.
A number of newspapers and media publications are based in
Casa Presei Libere (The House of the Free Press), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally named Casa Scânteii after the
Communist Romania-era official newspaper
Scînteia. Casa Presei Libere is not the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry.
Palatul Telefoanelor ("The Telephone Palace") was the first major modernist building on Calea Victoriei in the city's centre, and the massive, unfinished communist-era
Casa Radio looms over a park a block away from the Opera.
English-language newspapers first became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. There are two daily English-language newspapers,
Bucharest Daily News and
Nine O' Clock, as well as magazines. Publications in other languages are available, such as the Hungarian-language daily
Új Magyar Szó.
Observator Cultural covers the city's arts, and the free weekly magazines
șapte Seri ("Seven Evenings") and
B24FUN, list entertainment events. The city is home to the intellectual journal
Dilema veche and the satire magazine
Academia Cațavencu. Bucharest was the host city of the fourth edition of the
Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2006.
Education
There are 16 public universities in Bucharest, the largest of which are the
University of Bucharest, the
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, the
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and the
Politehnica University of Bucharest. These are supplemented by 19 private universities, such as the
Romanian-American University and
Spiru Haret University, the latter being the largest in Europe with some 302,000 enrolled students in 2009.
[54] Overall, there are 159 faculties in 34 universities. Private universities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregularities in the educational process
[55] as well as perceived corruption.
[56] As in the rest of Romania, universities in Bucharest are lower rated internationally, in comparison to their American and Western European counterparts.
Nevertheless, the
University of Bucharest was included in the 2012
QS World University Rankings Top 200 universities of the world (151-200 band).
[57] Also, in recent years the city has seen increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.
[58]
The first modern educational institution was the
Princely Academy of Bucharest, founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present-day
University of Bucharest and the
Saint Sava National College, both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.
[59][60]
There are over 450 public primary and secondary schools in the city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate. Each
sector also has its own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the municipal one.
Healthcare
One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colțea that has been re-equipped after a 90-million-euro investment in 2011. It specializes in oncological and cardiac disorders. Also the oldest hospital in Bucharest, Coltea Hospital was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703, composed of many buildings, each with 12 to 30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors' and teachers' houses.
[61]
Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon which was established in 1733 by
Grigore II Ghica. The surface area of the hospital land property was 400,000 m
2 (4,305,564 sq ft). The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities.
Other hospitals or clinics are
Bucharest Emergency Hospital,
Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital and Fundeni Clinical Institute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic, which are private.
Sports
Football is the most widely-followed sport in Bucharest, with the city having numerous club teams, some of them being known throughout Europe:
Steaua,
Dinamo or
Rapid.
Arena Națională, a new stadium inaugurated on 6 September 2011, hosted the
2012 Europa League Final.
[62] and has a 55,600 seats capacity, making it one of the largest stadiums in Southeastern Europe.
[63]
There are sport clubs for
ice hockey,
rugby union,
basketball,
handball,
water polo and
volleyball. The majority of Romanian
track and field athletes and most gymnasts are affiliated with clubs in Bucharest. The Athletics and many Gymnastics National Championships are held in Bucharest at the
Polyvalent Hall, which is also used for other indoor sports such as volleyball and handball.
The largest indoor arena in Bucharest is the
Romexpo Dome with a seating capacity of 10,000. It is used for tennis, boxing and kickboxing.
Starting in 2007 Bucharest has hosted annual races along a temporary urban track surrounding the
Palace of the Parliament, called
Bucharest Ring. The competition is called the
Bucharest City Challenge, and has hosted
FIA GT,
FIA GT3,
British F3, and
Logan Cup races in 2007 and 2008. The 2009 and 2010 edition have not been held in Bucharest due to a lawsuit. Bucharest GP, owned by the controversial businessman Nicolae șerbu, won the lawsuit that it initiated and will host city races around the Parliament starting 2011 with the Auto GP.
[64]
Every year, Bucharest hosts
BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy international tennis tournament, which is included in the
ATP Tour. The outdoors tournament is hosted by the tennis complex
BNR Arenas. The ice hockey games are held at the
Mihai Flamaropol Arena, which holds 8,000 spectators. The rugby games are held in different locations, but the most modern stadium is
Arcul de Triumf Stadium, where also the
Romanian national rugby team plays.
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